Taylor,+Lauren,+Abbey,+Matt,+and+Andrew+Projects

__Matt and Andrew__
__[]__ __Calorimeter:__ This device was used to calculate the specific heat capacity of mysterious metals that were given to us. When the specific heat capacity was found, we could research the identity of the metals

The calorimeter was made with a large styrafoam cup. A styrafoam lid was placed ontop for insulation. While testing the calorimeter, a piece of cardboard was placed ontop for even more insulation.

(calories) ||
 * Object || Mass(Grams) || Starting Temperature (Degrees Celsius) || Ending Temperature (Degrees Celsius) || Change in Temperature (Degrees Celsius) || Specific Heat Capacity (calories per Gram Degree Celsius) || Heat Energy Transfered
 * Water || 200 || 17.5 || 24.5 || 7.0 || 1.000 || 1400 ||
 * Metal #1 || 91.1 || 72.1 || 24.5 || -47.6 || 0.320 || -1400 ||
 * Water || 200 || 17.0 || 23.5 || 6.5 || 1.000 || 1300 ||
 * Metal #2 || 270.3 || 80.0 || 23.5 || -56.5 || 0.085 || -1298 ||
 * Water || 200 || 15.6 || 18.0 || 2.4 || 1.000 || 480 ||
 * Metal #3 || 228.0 || 73.3 || 18.0 || 55.3 || 0.038 || -480 ||
 * Water || 200 || 15.6 || 18.0 || 2.4 || 1.000 || 480 ||
 * Metal #3 || 228.0 || 73.3 || 18.0 || 55.3 || 0.038 || -480 ||



__Lauren: How animals keep warm and cool__
Notes on animals and how they heat themselves · Countercurrent heat circulatory system · Allow it to maintain right body temperature · Endothermic (change and control their own body heat) · Need to be able to change temperature to fit environment · Make body temperature rise by- o Shivering- muscles quickly shake and contract o Cellular metabolism- chemical breakdown of cells (release heat into body) o Circulatory adaptations- transfer heat from the core of the body to the periphery by blood flow path o Warmer blood goes to the coldest parts to heat everything up evenly · Make body temperature lower by- o Circulation near skin surface release heat into environment o Moisture from sweat glands or respiratory system surfaces, evaporates, and cools the animals

Notes on how dolphins retain heat and control their temperature · Blubber acts as insulator to keep heat in   · Heat gradient throughout blubber · Circulatory systems adjust · Size affects this- o Larger body and smaller fins makes surface area less and they touch the surface less and are able to maintain body heat · All parts of the body is surrounded by veins that some of the heat from the arteries are transferred to the veins that move the heat all throughout the body; example of heat exchange · When it dives heat is transferred from the transferred away from the surface of body, to save energy · When too hot may cool down by increasing circulation in veins by surface of major arteries and decreasing circulation in veins returning blood to core · Loose body heat by exhaling and since they do it less, they converse body heat

Notes on birds · Feathers are insulators · Fluff feathers to allow air inside and air is insulator · Sleep with beak in feathers to breathe in warm air · Warm blooded and high metabolic rate · Eat and shiver to keep warm · Countercurrent circulatory system in feet to lose minimum heat · Ducks have blood that flows close to surface of their feet · Use countercurrent in feet with ducks · Vein takes warm blood to feet

__Abbey:__
Notes on Cooking Science

· Cooking is the transfer energy from a heat source to a food · Proteins coagulate when heated (turn from a liquid state to a solid state; example, egg whites change from a clear liquid to a white solid) · Starches gelatinize when heated (when a mixture of liquid and starches is heated, starch granulates swell, and the liquid thickens since granulates swell to occupy more space; example, sauces thicken when starch is added) · Sugars caramelize when heated (they turn brown and change flavor) · Water evaporates when heated (dries the food since all food contains water) · Fats melt when heated, then liquefy, but do not evaporate

ü Saturated fats are less healthy because of its high melting temperature. If it has a melting temperature higher than body temperature it will solidify in the arteries and lead to health problems

ü Popcorn pops due to heat. When it is heated the moisture inside is turned to steam. The steam builds up more and more pressure until finally the pressure is too great and the kernel splits and releases pressure. This release in pressure causes the water in the jelly-like starch to quickly boil and blows the jelly into a foam, the fluffy stuff that is called popcorn. When the water is boiled out the starch dries and becomes hard so the popcorn supports itself

ü The small kernels that didn’t pop were weakened during the manufacturing process

You need:
Ice cube A piece of yarn or string about 4 inches long or longer Table salt

Sprinkle a little amount of salt on the ice cube (you have to be VERY PRECISE or else it won't work) and place the string on top. Wait a minute and lift the string. The ice cube is lifted too! This happens because the salt melts the ice. However, since the ice cube is bigger than the amount of salt, the ice around the salt refreezes the water and it freezes around the string.

__Taylor__
A homemade cooking device idea!!! [] Here's the things you will need to do this experiment!!! 1. Cardboard; preferably 2 by 4 feet 2. Aluminum foil 3. Glue 4. Three wire brads 5. A canning jar (glass) 6. Black paint; can be spray paint 7. A small block of wood 8. Plastic Reynolds oven bag 9. a small cardboard box

The Steps To Making your very own solar cooker!!!! 1. First you have to get all of the materials needed 2. Next you should cut the cardboard to the appropriate cone shape 3. Before making the cardboard into a cone, cover the inside of the cardboard with aluminum foil (shiny side up). 4. Then turn the cardboard into a cone and hold it together with three brads (make the hole for the brads with sissors) 5. make sure the aluminum foil is on the inside of the cone 6. Then you will need to get out a glass jar, medium size, and paint it black along with its top 7. After the paint has dried place the water into the jar 8. set the jar aside and take out the small square of wood and the cooking bag 9. Put the wood block in the bag first, and then after you put what you want into the jar you can place the jar on top of the wood block 10. Get out the small card board box and put your cone in small side facing down 11. Lastly put the oven bag with the block and jar inside the cone and set it outside facing the sun 12. Check it constantly and watch as the temperature of the water increases as time goes on

(This experement is meant more for summer or spring times not mid winter, and if it is winter you can try it with a solar lamp)

This is what the cardboard should look like before you glue on the aluminum foil.

You should make sure you completely cover the entire jar with black paint (its important to the experement).

Here is what a finished cooker should look like from the outside.

This is testing the time it takes to heat versus the temperature increase. It will also test the temperature change and the change in thermal energy.
 * Experiment setup- **


 * Independent variable**: The time it takes to heat up the substance (water)


 * Depedent variable**: The temperature increase as time goes by of the substance (water)


 * Constants**: The surrounding air temperature, the amount of sunlight it's getting, the amount of water that is being heated, and the starting temperature of the water placed in the jar.

__** Coulton **__ Making observations on experiment on @http://www.infoplease.com/cig/science-fair-projects/visible-light-outshine-infrared-radiation.html Materials needed for this experiment are: 1. An ordinary flashlight. 2. A remote control. 3. Glass of water. 4. Glass of milk. 5. Sheets of paper. 6. Piece of cardboard that is as big as your T.V screen.

I made observations on the experiment I did. Flashlight shining on T.V: The reflection of the flashlight could be seen on the T.V. Light swirled in the center of T.V.

Remote pointing on the T.V: When the T.V turned on it flashed in the corners and on the sides.

Flashlight shining through water: Light spread out more and appeared in lines on the T.V and around it.

Remote through water: The T.V turned on as if there was nothing in front of

Flashlight shining through milk: The light made a big ring behind the milk and the room. The reflection of the flashlight could still be seen.

Remote through milk: The T.V won't turn on.

Flashlight+sheets of paper: Four sheets of paper were needed to block the light completely.

Remote+sheets of paper: Four sheets of paper were needed to make the T.V not turn on.

Flashlight+cardboard 8ft away: The swirl of light was a more defined shape and it was bigger. Also the light was light was brighter.

Remote+cardboard 8ft away: T.V did not turn on.

Flashlight+cardboard 6ft away: Swirl of light was smaller and more defined.

Remote+cardboard 6ft away: T.V did not turn on.

Flashlight+cardboard 4ft away: Circle of light was not so much a swirl but a complete circle and rings of light were going around it.

Remote+cardboard 4ft away: T.V did not turn on.

Flashlight+cardboard 2ft away: Light was a complete circle with rings of dark around it then just light.

Remote+cardboard 2ft away: T.V did not turn on.

How Bluetooth works:

When you use [|computers], [|entertainment systems] or [|telephones], the various pieces and parts of the systems make up a community of electronic devices. These devices communicate with each other using a variety of wires, cables, [|radio] signals and infrared light beams, and an even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.

­Bluetooth takes small-area networking to the next level by removing the need for user intervention and keeping transmission power extremely low to save

Bluetooth dosent require a line of sight between communicating devices.